Hydro-diplomacy intensifies amid rising tensions over water security
Following India’s suspension of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, Pakistan has repeatedly reached out to New Delhi—sending at least four official letters—to press for the treaty’s restoration
Why Pakistan Is Writing
- Expressing alarm: With the treaty on hold and India considering large-scale river diversions and water infrastructure projects, Pakistan warns of an impending water crisis
- Emphasizing humanitarian impact: The treaty governs water vital for agriculture and hydropower in Pakistan, feeding millions. Any disruption is being labeled as a direct threat to livelihoods
- Legal and diplomatic pressure: The letters reiterate Pakistan’s view that holding the treaty in abeyance endangers lower-riparian rights and may constitute an “act of war.” Pakistan is urging de-escalation through dialogue and treaty recommitment
Broader Water & Diplomatic Implications
- India’s counter moves: New Delhi paused the treaty citing cross-border terrorism—especially after the April 22 Pahalgam attack—and has advanced hydropower projects on the Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus, citing national security and energy needs .
- Pakistan’s international appeal: At a glacier forum in Tajikistan, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif raised the treaty’s suspension to garner global support and pressure India .
- Water as a strategic lever: Pakistan has also signaled potential alignment with China on the Brahmaputra issue, hinting at deeper regional water politics .
What Pakistan Wants Next
| Pakistan’s Demands | Details |
|---|---|
| Treaty reinstatement | India should immediately rescind the suspension and resume full cooperation. |
| Negotiations | Launch talks under the treaty’s Article XII(3) to address changing demographics, energy demands, climate impacts, and terrorism concerns. |
| International arbitration | If stalled, Pakistan may pursue resolution through the Permanent Indus Commission or global platforms. |
Why This Matters
- Food and energy security: Pakistan relies on waters governed by the treaty for agriculture and electricity—suspension threatens these essentials.
- Peaceful dispute mechanism: The IWT has historically survived wars and conflicts. Pakistan argues it remains a crucial framework to manage tension.
- Risk of escalation: With water being framed as a national security issue, the situation risks spiraling beyond diplomacy if not managed carefully.
Bottom Line
Pakistan’s multiple letters aren’t just bureaucratic formalities—they signal deep concern over national water security and a belief that India’s moves could have serious economic and humanitarian consequences. By re-engaging diplomatic mechanisms, they’re pleading for a path back to treaty-based cooperation and away from bilateral brinkmanship.
