Assam Unrest
Assam, a state in northeastern India, has experienced periods of unrest due to ethnic tensions, insurgencies, and separatist movements since the mid-20th century. Groups like the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) have historically sought greater autonomy or independence, often resorting to violence. This unrest, combined with porous borders and socio-economic challenges, has periodically disrupted peace in the region. While the security situation has improved in recent years due to counter-insurgency efforts and peace accords, Assam still faces sporadic incidents of violence and instability, particularly in certain districts.
What Is AFSPA?
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) is a law enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1958 to grant special powers to the Indian Armed Forces in areas declared as “disturbed.” It was initially introduced to address the Naga insurgency in the Naga Hills, then part of Assam, and later extended to other northeastern states and regions like Jammu and Kashmir. The Act aims to assist civil authorities in maintaining public order where insurgency, militancy, or other threats challenge the state’s stability.
Key Provisions of AFSPA:
- Use of Force: Security forces can use force, including firing upon individuals, after issuing a warning, if they believe it’s necessary to maintain public order.
- Arrest and Search: Personnel can arrest individuals without a warrant and search premises based on reasonable suspicion of involvement in illegal activities.
- Legal Immunity: Armed forces personnel are protected from prosecution for actions taken under AFSPA unless the central government sanctions it.
- Declaration of Disturbed Areas: The central government, state governor, or Union Territory administrator can declare an area “disturbed” under Section 3 if they deem it necessary due to threats to public peace from ethnic, religious, or regional disputes.
AFSPA in Assam:
AFSPA was first imposed in Assam in November 1990 amid rising insurgency. It has since been extended periodically, though its scope has gradually reduced as the security situation improved. As of March 29, 2025, AFSPA remains in force in only three districts—Tinsukia, Charaideo, and Sivasagar—following its removal from Dibrugarh on March 27, 2025, as announced by Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma. The state government has also recommended withdrawing AFSPA entirely, reflecting progress in stabilizing the region.
Controversy:
AFSPA is highly contentious. Supporters argue it’s essential for national security in volatile regions, enabling swift action against insurgents. Critics, including human rights groups, call it “draconian,” citing allegations of extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and torture, as well as its prolonged use fostering alienation among locals. Notable incidents, like the 2000 Malom Massacre in Manipur by Assam Rifles, have fueled calls for its repeal.
In summary, AFSPA is a powerful tool for managing unrest in Assam and other areas, but its application remains a balancing act between security needs and human rights concerns. Recent moves to scale it back in Assam signal a shift toward normalcy, though challenges persist in fully resolving the underlying causes of unrest.
BY BHARAT GLOBAL TIME
